Hydrazine Sulfate - Promising Compound Blacklisted Claims Doctor
For 30 years, studies have shown that an inexpensive chemical compound stops the physical wasting ultimately responsible for many cancer deaths, says Joseph Gold, MD. So why is the compound not readily available to cancer patients? And why do the powers that be insist that claims about its therapeutic value are false?
The Hydrazine Sulfate and Cachexia Link The substance in question is hydrazine sulfate, which according to the National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is used to refine metals, conduct blood analyses, and help analyze minerals. It is also used as an antioxidant for soldering and as a biocide for fungi and molds. According to the same agencies, "Hydrazine and hydrazine sulfate are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals [however] there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of hydrazine and hydrazine sulfate in humans."(1)
In addition to its industrial uses, hydrazine sulfate inhibits an enzyme produced by the human body that is responsible for gluconeogenesis. In simple terms, gluconeogenesis is the process by which the body - primarily the liver and kidneys - creates glucose, a type of sugar. Why is this important in cancer? Because it relates to cachexia which can cause death in cancer patients.
Cachexia, also known as "wasting" is a complex syndrome that combines weight loss, lipolysis, loss of muscle and visceral protein, anorexia, chronic nausea, and weakness. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 20% of cancer deaths overall are attributable to cachexia and the incidence of cachexia varies by tumor type."(2)
One cause of cachexia is abnormal glucose metabolism. There is increased glucose use by the tumor as the tumor switches to glucose as its primary fuel source. Gluconeogenesis goes into overdrive as cancer develops and spreads, "using up a lot of energy and accounting for much of the fatigue, lack of appetite, and weight loss we often see in cancer patients. Hydrazine sulfate interrupts this host energy wasting process," explains Dr. Gold, the developer of hydrazine sulfate as an anticancer drug.
"Hydrazine sulfate is an anti-cachexic, and because it stops the wasteful energy cycle in body, it keeps the body living," Gold says. "This is critical, because when you can stop cachexia, you can do something good for a lot of cancer patients."
The Goal is Stabilization, Not the Killing of Cells Hydrazine sulfate is not a cytotoxic agent, meaning that it does not kill cancer cells - although it does stabilize their growth, Gold explains. It also spares healthy cells. "Hydrazine sulfate doesn't directly cause tumor regression or stabilization, but it does result in that indirectly, and studies show this," he says. "And because it doesn't kill normal cells like chemotherapy does, hydrazine sulfate doesn't produce the horrendous side effects of chemotherapy."
The concept of stabilization is not new. In fact, unlike cell-killing therapies like radiation and chemotherapy, the goal of most alternative therapies is not to kill and eliminate the cancer, but to manage it so that the cancer does not grow or spread and patients can continue with their lives. "NCI rejected the idea of stabilization years ago, but now it's the goal [of many cancer treatments]," Gold adds. "What difference does it make if cancer tissue is still in the body if it's not going anywhere?"
First, let's take a look at one particular theory about a cancer cell:
The 1931 Nobel laureate in medicine, Otto Warburg, Ph.D., first discovered that cancer cells have a fundamentally different energy metabolism compared to healthy cells. The crux of his Nobel thesis was that malignant tumors frequently exhibit an increase in anaerobic glycolysis - a process whereby glucose is used as a fuel by cancer cells with lactic acid as an anaerobic by-product - compared to normal tissues. The large amount of lactic acid produced by this fermentation of glucose from cancer cells is then transported to the liver. This conversion of glucose to lactate generates a lower, more acidic pH in cancerous tissues as well as overall physical fatigue from lactic acid build-up. Thus, larger tumors tend to exhibit a more acidic pH.
This inefficient pathway for energy metabolism yields only 2 moles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy per mole of glucose, compared to 38 moles of ATP in the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose. By extracting only about 5 percent (2 vs. 38 moles of ATP) of the available energy in the food supply and the body's calorie stores, the cancer is "wasting" energy, and the patient becomes tired and undernourished. This vicious cycle increases body wasting. It is one reason why 40 percent of cancer patients die from malnutrition, or cachexia. Hence, cancer therapies should encompass regulating blood-glucose levels via diet, supplements, non-oral solutions for cachectic patients who lose their appetite, medication, exercise, gradual weight loss and stress reduction.
What can we learn from this theory?
Cancer cells ferment glucose, a very inefficient mechanism.
As part of this fermentation, cancer cells create lactic acid.
This lactic acid goes to the liver.
This process also makes a cancer cell very acidic (which is why cancer cells do not like to be alkaline).
Cancer cells are very inefficient at processing glucose, only about 5 percent as efficient, meaning they "waste" energy.
This wasted energy causes the cancer patient to become tired and malnourished.
This excessive use of glucose by a cancer cell is actually part of the process whereby cancer cells actually "steal" glucose from normal cells (cancer cells also steal nutrients from normal cells).
This means normal cells can literally starve to death, creating malnutrition and death.
Note the vicious cycle in the above list. It is this cycle that causes the body to literally waste away. But there is another key part of the cycle: Large tumors produce much lactic acid that is reconverted in the liver into glucose in a process that consumes much energy. It is of positive benefit to block this conversion by taking hydrazine sulphate or [cesium] chloride. The main benefits are weight gain and increased energy that are especially important in the last stage of cancer, called cachexia. In addition, tumour growth may be inhibited, in some instances tumors gradually disappeared.
Now we see another key part of the cycle, the liver converts the lactic acid back into glucose, and guess who eats much of this glucose? The cancer cells. But the conversion by the liver of the lactic acid back into glucose also takes large amounts of energy.
Thus we can see a simplified picture of the entire cycle:
The cancer cells ferment massive amounts of glucose, which consumes energy,
They process the glucose with fermentation, which is very inefficient,
A byproduct of this fermentation is lactic acid,
This lactic acid then goes into the liver,
The liver then converts this lactic acid back into glucose, consuming even more energy
Much of this glucose is consumed by the cancer cells and the cycle starts over.
Comments on weight loss Before going any further, it is important to make a distinction. When a person first starts a typical alternative cancer treatment, it is recommended to change in their dietary habits. The person should go from a Western meat and sugar based diet to a special type of vegan diet. This change in diet, by itself, will typically cause a person to lose weight. Thus, just because a person who goes on an alternative cancer diet loses weight does not mean that their body is in the cachexia cycle.
In other words, even if a person did not have cancer, if they made such a sudden change in diet they would lose weight. In fact, a vegan diet is a good weight loss diet even for people who do not have cancer.
Cachexia is different. With cachexia the body is literally eating itself. It is eating the person's muscles, fat and many other parts of the body. Thus, the patient must keep in mind the difference between a "normal" loss of weight and an "abnormal" loss of weight. One key to determining whether a loss in weight is cachexia or not is knowing when the uncontrollable weight loss started. If it started before the switch to alternative treatments, it might be cachexia. However, if the weight loss started at the same time as the switch to an alternative cancer diet, most likely it is not cachexia, unless the weight loss continues for more than a few weeks. There are other things that cause uncontrolled weight loss. For example, in some rare cases hormone balance defects may cause an unstoppable loss of weight.
Also, in some cases the person loses their will to eat, usually due to being sick all of the time. This leads to a loss of appetite and a loss of weight. While this is technically not cachexia, it almost certainly will lead to cachexia. Cancer cells will eat, and they will eat the person's body if necessary.
Hydrazine sulphate theory Of all of the alternative treatments for cachexia, perhaps hydrazine sulphate is the best known. Hydrazine sulphate is theorized to work by stopping the cycle mentioned above. Hydrazine sulphate "interrupts the ability of the liver to convert lactic acid from tumors into glucose thereby helping to starve the tumors and inhibit their ability to metastasize."
Overall gluconeogenesis is stimulated when cancer is present. Gluconeogenesis requires a great deal of energy and excessive gluconeogenesis is thought to be a significant factor that contributes to cancer cachexia (Gold, 1968). Dr. Joseph Gold recognized in the 1960's that metabolic strategies that inhibited the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK) would reduce gluconeogenesis and decrease the severity of cachexia (Gold, 1968). Dr. Gold after testing a series of compounds found that hydrazine sulphate could effectively reduce excessive gluconeogenesis in cancer (Gold, 1974, 1981).
Electrical Properties of Cancer Cells By stopping the liver from converting the lactic acid into glucose breaks the cachexia cycle.
Dr. Joseph Gold looked at the chemical process of glycogenesis and determined that, if he inhibited the PEP CK enzyme (much too large a word for anyone to try to pronounce), he could stop the process. Voila, he came up with hydrazine sulphate, a substance that is made cheaply, simple to use, fuels military rockets and shrinks tumors. In his early animal studies, Dr Gold showed that, in greater than fifty percent of cancerous animals, he was able to stop the process of glycogenesis, end the cachexia, and the animals began gaining weight. With sugars cut off to the tumor, the tumors began shrinking.
Cesium Chloride (see menu item above titled "Aubrey Keith Brewer Ph.D") One option to help hydrazine sulphate stop this cycle is alkalinity. Cesium chloride (and a few other minerals), the most common substance to make cancer cells alkaline in an alkaline treatment program, has been theorized by Dr. A. Keith Brewer, Ph.D., to get into cancer cells, when other nutrients cannot. The claims state that cesium chloride:
makes the cancer cell alkaline,
limits the intake of glucose into the cell (thus starving the cell),
neutralizes the lactic acid (which is actually what causes the cell to multiply uncontrollably and eventually kills the cell) and makes it nontoxic, and
stops the fermentation process, which is a second affect of limiting the glucose (fermentation is what creates lactic acid in the first place).
In other words, cesium chloride may break the cycle in several different ways.
But this is the important point: Hydrazine sulphate may block the cachexia cycle in the liver and cesium chloride blocks the cachexia cycle in the cancer cells.
Side Effects As for the side effects of hydrazine sulfate, Gold says that "a few percent" of people experience itching, minor nausea, and peripheral neuritis - "which occurs only after a long period of uninterrupted hydrazine sulfate treatment. Papers that are critical of hydrazine sulfate say that neuropathy is a big problem, but studies have not shown this."
Gold writes that "although hydrazine sulfate is carcinogenic in some weanling mice given the drug in their drinking water since birth, there has never been a case of human cancer reported as a result of hydrazine sulfate therapy [since its use in humans began in 1973]. In contrast, routinely administered chemotherapy drugs are commonly carcinogenic - and can produce up to 26 percent of 'second cancers.'"
Less Than a Penny Per Dose And then there is the cost. It is commonly known that the cost of cancer treatment care can be prohibitive for many patients. Gold attributes this to "the cancer conglomerate," the $200 billion a year industry responsible for cancer treatment, care, research, and administration in the U.S. Clearly, less costly ways of fighting the disease are badly needed. "Hydrazine sulfate is very inexpensive," Gold says. "Highly purified hydrazine sulfate is sold at about three-quarters of a cent per dose - or about $20-$60 for an average course of treatment."
Controversy This all sounds very promising. So what's the problem?
The problem, says Gold, is that although numerous rigorous studies - detailed on http://www.hydrazinesulfate.org in an essay he wrote - have supported the therapeutic value of hydrazine sulfate in treating cancer, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have refused to declare the compound a viable treatment for cancer for some 30 years.
In fact, throughout the 1980's and early 1990's, various studies appearing in peer reviewed medical journals suggested that hydrazine sulfate was a potentially safe and effective cancer therapy. For example:
· Researchers concluded in a 1984 article that appeared in the peer reviewed journal Cancer Research, "Our results suggest that hydrazine sulfate can influence the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism associated with weight loss in patients with cancer."(3)
· In a 1987 article that appeared in the medical journal Cancer, which is published on behalf of the American Cancer Society, data demonstrated "an association between one month of hydrazine sulfate administration and body weight maintenance in patients with cancer…"(4)
· In a 1989 article from the Oncology Section of the VA Medical Center in Buffalo, New York, the researchers stated, "Positive results in the management of weight loss and anorexia have been achieved with hydrazine sulfate…"(5)
· In 1990, researchers from the Department of Medicine, at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, in California, concluded that, "Hydrazine sulfate may favorably influence nutritional status and clinical outcome of patients with NSCLC. Further definitive studies of hydrazine sulfate addition to therapeutic regimens in NSCLC are warranted."(6)
Despite these encouraging reports, in 1994, the NCI sponsored three randomized clinical trials that suggested that hydrazine sulfate was not only ineffective but also potentially unsafe. Gold challenged these studies as being invalid because they allowed patients to take other drugs that were incompatible with hydrazine sulfate.
Today, the voices of the cancer establishment are not in unison when it comes to this substance. For example, the FDA website has a PowerPoint presentation that concludes with the statement, hydrazine sulfate has shown a "lack of efficacy, reduction of life expectancy, worsening of quality of life, and increased toxicity in subjects… "(7) But, according to the summary about hydrazine sulfate that appears on the National Cancer Institute website, "In some randomized trials, however, hydrazine sulfate was reported to be helpful in treating anorexia and cachexia caused by cancer."(8) And a 1998 review of the medical literature published by the Canadian Medical Association concludes that, "There is good evidence that [hydrazine sulfate] inhibits gluconeogenesis. Therefore, it may play a role in reducing the severity of cachexia and in improving the quality of life of cancer patients…"(9) One might ask how a substance that worsens quality of life (according to the FDA) can also reportedly help treat anorexia and cachexia caused by cancer (according to the NCI and suggested by the Canadian Medical Association).
Gold says that despite the inaccurate and misleading pronouncements from the establishment "when doctors themselves develop cancer and want hydrazine sulfate, they call and get it for themselves - and believe me, a lot of them do that."
So why should Gold be believed? Who is he, and what are his credentials?
The Birth of a Conflict-Ridden Drug After earning a medical degree from Syracuse University, Gold completed his post-graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley. In the 1960s, he was enlisted by NASA to conduct heat resistance testing as part of the astronaut-selection process for the Mercury space missions.
In 1966, Gold founded the Syracuse Cancer Research Institute (SCRI), and in 1968, he published the first paper (10) to propose that gluconeogenesis is the mechanism behind cachexia.
"I was the first to come up with a good chemical hypothesis for treating cachexia," Gold says. "I knew that any compound that could inhibit gluconeogenesis irreversibly would be a good anti-cachexia drug."
While at an experimental biology conference in 1970, Gold heard a paper about hydrazine sulfate - which had nothing to do with cancer - that was published by researchers at the University of Wisconsin Enzyme Institute.
"This research was about hydrazine sulfate inhibiting the very enzyme I had written about in 1968!," Gold recalls. "Needless to say, I didn't stay for the rest of the conference. We headed home to Syracuse, put hydrazine sulfate into our tumor screens, and asked researchers at several cancer labs to do the same thing. Two weeks later, we learned that hydrazine sulfate not only inhibited cachexia, it also restricted tumor growth."
In 1970, Gold developed hydrazine sulfate for use as an anti-cachexia drug in cancer patients. He still holds several patents for this use, but despite seventeen initial contacts from major and minor pharmaceutical companies over the years, "none of them were ever taken, and all are running out," he says, adding that in at least one case, this initial interest was withdrawn after the NCI threatened to cease financial support of the company if it pursued hydrazine sulfate any further.
Was Hydrazine Sulfate Blacklisted? To say that Gold is cynical about the state of cancer research, development, and treatment in the U.S. is an understatement. It all comes down to money and academic prestige, he says, which is why the extremely low-cost hydrazine sulfate has been blacklisted by the government for so many years.
In short, Gold is adamant that "big money and successful cancer medicine do not mix."
"It's about who can get the most money from funding agencies, who can exert the most pressure on Congress. The big breakthroughs that are promised fade, but the big business remains. All kinds of medicine have progressed greatly in the last 30 years, but not oncology."
"The average oncologist makes two-thirds of his or her annual revenue by selling high-cost drugs to patients - and that's known as the cancer concession," Gold continues. "Why do cancer doctors follow the NCI blindly? Because those doctors get paid by the NCI to do those protocols - and very few of them are going to kill the goose that lays the golden egg. Many people suspect this goes on, but cancer doctors don't want to admit it. It's all about The Two Es: ego and economics."
In fact, the regulatory history supports Gold's claims. The FDA has never approved a drug for cancer that was not patented, marketed or produced by a major pharmaceutical company. And today the trend is towards more expensive cancer therapies with some costing up to $50,000 per patient per year. At less than a penny per dose, hydrazine sulfate is relatively unprofitable compared to the average chemotherapy regimen. If this is the reason why hydrazine sulfate has been rejected by the cancer industry, as Gold contends, then millions of people have suffered and died and will continue to suffer and die because profitability, not efficacy and safety, is ultimately determining what cancer therapies are available to patients.
Dietary restrictions when taking hydrazine sulfate
Hydrazine Sulfate is an MAOI (Momoamine Oxidase Inhibitor). What that means is that it will inhibit an enzyme that breaks down monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine). These are the chemicals in the brain that make us feel good, and that is why MAO inhibitors are often prescribed as antidepressants. MAOs have another job in the body as they are responsible for metabolizing the amino acid tyramine.
When taking a MAO inhibitor such as hydrazine sulfate, tyramine will not be broken down, so eating foods that contain tyramine can raise your blood pressure and heart beat dramatically and cause severe headaches. This can be a very dangerous, especially for someone with cancer. Most of the foods containing tayramine are not on the anticancer diet plan anyways but they are listed below for your convenience. This is a partial list of foods that contain tyramine, however it is not a complete list so caution should be taken.
barley grass, and all barley supplements,
dried and fermented sausage (bologna, salami, pepperoni, corned beef,
lunch meat, hot dogs
meat extracts, meat tenderizer, MSG (Accent),
pickled herring and salted dried fish
beef or chicken liver
broad beans and pods (lima, fava beans, lentils, snow peas, and soy beans),
bouillon
yeast extracts/brewer's yeast,
beer and ale, red wine (chianti, burgundy, sherry, vermouth),
distilled spirits,
sauerkraut,
pickles,
fruits such as oranges, tangerines, lemon, grapefruit, bananas, avocados,
figs, dates, raisins,
red plums, raspberries, pineapples, any overripe fruits
cultured dairy products (buttermilk, yogurt, and sour cream),
cheese (except cottage cheese, cream cheese, and fresh Mozzarella)
chocolate,
caffeinated beverages (coffee, tea, and cola drinks),
soy sauce, miso,
tofu and tempeh,
peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds.
If you experience a headache while on Hydrazine Sulfate it may be because you ingested a food that contains tyramine and you should eliminate those foods from your diet while taking Hydrazine Sulfate .
Contraindications- "Hydrazine sulphate is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and the following should not be used during this therapy:
barbiturates and tranquilizers (e.g. Thorazine, Compazine, Xanax, Valium, Dalmane, Ativan, Restoril, Halcion, Nembutal and Seconal, to name but a few)
tranquilizers or sedatives in doses greater than 100 mg per day, this is especially true for benzodiazephines and phenothiazines which should be avoided.
morphine or other agents that suppress the central nervous system.
antihistamines
ethanol
alcoholic beverages
medications to treat nausea and vomiting
foods with tyramine that are listed above.
vitamin B6
vitamin c in doses above 250 mg (from all sources)
Hydrazine sulphate should be taken in exact doses only.
Using hydrazine sulphate with other treatments Hydrazine sulphate is frequently used with other alternative cancer treatments. These other treatments may have a list of foods, or supplements that contain condensed foods, that can be used with them. When looking at these lists of foods, or supplements with condensed foods in them, make sure you keep in mind that hydrazine sulphate has a long list of foods that cannot be taken with it. For example, both the Cesium Chlroride Protocol and Calcium Protocol lists high doses of Vitamin C.
Additional Resources-
Cancer Tutor on Hydrazine Sulfate, please read for complete information, protocol and vendor for HS https://www.cancertutor.com/hydrazine/
Endnotes (1) Hydrazine and Hydrazine sulfate: CAS Nos. 302-01-2 and 10034-93-2 Available here.
(2) The Lethal Phenotype of Cancer: The Molecular Basis of Death Due to Malignancy Loberg, Robert D., et al., CA Cancer J Clin. 2007 Jul-Aug;57(4):225-41. Available here.
(3) Chlebowski RT, et al., Influence of hydrazine sulfate on abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in cancer patients with weight loss. Cancer Res. 1984 Feb;44(2):857-61. Abstract available here.
(4) Chlebowski RT, et al., Hydrazine sulfate in cancer patients with weight loss. A placebo-controlled clinical experience. Cancer. 1987 Feb 1;59(3):406-10. Abstract available here.
(5) Spaulding M., Recent studies of anorexia and appetite stimulation in the cancer patient. Oncology (Williston Park). 1989 Aug;3(8 Suppl):17-23. Abstract available here.
(6) Chlebowski RT, et al., Hydrazine sulfate influence on nutritional status and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Jan;8(1):9-15. Abstract available here.
(7) Saul Malozowski, MD, PhD, MBA, Medical Officer, Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Drug Products, FDA (undated) available here.
(8) NCI Website available here.
(9) Kaegi E., Unconventional therapies for cancer: 4. Hydrazine sulfate. Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. CMAJ. 1998 May 19;158(10):1327-30 Available here. Elizabeth Kaegi, MB, ChB, MSc. was Director of Medical Affairs and Cancer Control of the National Cancer Institute of Canada and the Canadian Cancer Society, Toronto, Ont., from 1993 to 1996.
(10) Gold, J., Proposed Treatment of Cancer by Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis. Oncology 22:185-207, October 1968.
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